Ua ib qho khoom noj khoom haus tseem ceeb thiab cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv gelatin tsim nyog tshawb nrhiav tob tob. Tsab xov xwm no tshuaj xyuas nws cov khoom siv raw, cov khoom siv physicochemical, thaj chaw siv, thiab cov thev naus laus zis tsim khoom.

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I. Cov Khoom Siv Raw thiab Cov Ntsiab Cai Tsim Khoom

Gelatin yog ib yam khoom uas collagen raug rhuav tshem los ntawm cua sov, feem ntau yog los ntawm cov khoom collagen hauv cov nqaij sib txuas ntawm cov tsiaj. Kev tsim khoom hauv kev lag luam feem ntau siv cov pob txha, cov txheej tawv nqaij, thiab cov leeg ntawm cov tsiaj txhu xws li npua thiab nyuj. Los ntawm kev kho acid-base lossis enzymatic hydrolysis, collagen raug rho tawm thiab tom qab ntawd raug rhuav tshem los ntawm cua sov kom tau txais gelatin. Kev depolymerization ntawm collagen lub qauv tertiary thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm gelatin.

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II. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg

1. Cov Khoom Siv Lub Cev
   Gelatin zoo li cov khoom tsis muaj xim mus rau daj ntseg, muaj nyob rau hauv cov hmoov, flake, lossis granular daim ntawv. Nws qhov hnyav molecular sib piv yog ntawm 50,000–100,000 Dalton, nrog rau qhov ceev ntawm 1.3–1.4 g/cm³. Nws qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm amphoteric electrolyte, nrog rau qhov isoelectric point (pI) ntawm pH 4.8–5.2.
2. Kev coj cwj pwm ntawm kev haus dej
   Gelatin tus cwj pwm o hauv dej ua raws li Flory-Rehner txoj kev xav: ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nws tsim cov hydrated gel network, thaum cua sov saum 35 ° C ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv helix-rau-coil conformational, tsim kom muaj cov huab cua rov qab tau. Tus cwj pwm no pib los ntawm cov qauv triple-helix tsim los ntawm glycine-proline-hydroxyproline rov ua cov kab ke hauv nws cov saw hlau molecular.

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III. Cov Khoom Siv thiab Cov Kev Siv

1. Kev Lag Luam Khoom Noj
   • Rheology ModifierTsim cov qauv network peb-seem, muab cov elastic modulus (1–10 kPa) hauv cov cheese thiab tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov dej khov siv lead ua (qhov loj me <50 μm) hauv cov khoom qab zib khov.
   • Cov tshuaj emulsion stabilizerTxo qhov kev sib txhuam ntawm roj thiab dej mus rau 10–20 mN/m, ua kom emulsion ruaj khov dua.
   • Tus Neeg Sawv Cev GellingTsim cov gel network nrog lub zog ntawm 200–300 Bloom, siv rau hauv kev ua kom cov nqaij thiab ua khoom qab zib.
2. Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj
   • Capsule MatrixUa raws li cov qauv USP, nrog lub sijhawm yaj <15 feeb.
   • Hloov PlasmaQhov hnyav molecular txiav tawm ntawm 30–70 kDa.
   • Tus Neeg Xa Tshuaj: Ua rau muaj kev tso tawm uas tswj tau pH.
3. Tshuaj pleev ib ce
   • Tus Neeg Sawv Cev Tsim Yeeb Yaj KiabTsim cov zaj duab xis moisturizing uas tuab 1–5 μm.
   • Viscosity ModifierUa rau lub cev viscosity nce mus txog 500–2000 mPa·s.
   • Kev ncua kev ruaj khov: Tswj cov khoom me me Zeta siab tshaj ± 30 mV.

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IV. Kev nce qib hauv Cov Txuj Ci Tsim Khoom Niaj Hnub

Cov tuam txhab ua lag luam zoo li Gelken siv cov thev naus laus zis sib xyaw ua ke los txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom:

1. Kev Sib Cais Lub Cev: Ultrafiltration membranes (10 kDa molecular weight cutoff) ua rau muaj kev faib ua feem ntawm molecular weight kom raug.
2. Ethanol Gradient PrecipitationKev tswj cov cawv kom ntau (40–60%) txhim kho kev huv (>98%).
3. Kev Txhim Kho Lyophilization: Tswj cov qauv porous (porosity > 80%) thiab ua kom nrawm dua (<30 vib nas this).

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V. Cov Qauv Lag Luam thiab Cov Teeb Meem

Kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb gelatin loj hlob tsis tu ncua ntawm 5-6% txhua xyoo, nrog rau cov qauv tseem ceeb:

• Cov khoom lag luam tshuaj tam sim no suav txog 35% ntawm kev ua lag luam.
• Cov kev hloov pauv gelatin uas ua los ntawm cov nroj tsuag tab tom raug tsim kho sai (tam sim no feem <5%).
• Nano-gelatin (qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom me me <100 nm) qhia tau tias muaj kev cia siab hauv cov txheej txheem xa tshuaj.

Cov Kev Sib Tw Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Siv Tshuab:

1. Txhim kho kev ruaj khov ntawm thermal (lub hom phiaj: kam rau siab 80 ° C rau 2 teev).
2. Xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kab mob me me (cov tshuaj endotoxin <0.25 EU/mg).
3. Tsim cov txheej txheem uas ruaj khov (txo 30% zog).

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Cov biomacromolecule no, nrog nws cov qauv sib raug zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm, txuas ntxiv nthuav dav hauv kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb thiab kev siv tau. Thaum cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab biotechnology sib sau ua ke, cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm raws li gelatin tau npaj siab los qhib cov nqi ntau dua hauv cov teb tshiab xws li kev tsim cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yooj ywm.